1)Section 1- The Evolution of the Italian Renaissance

a)In the 11th century, Venice supported by a huge merchant marine, as well as other city states, began to obtain enormous riches thru overseas trade

b)Genoa, Milan, other states served as crossroads between East and West

c)Advances in shipbuilding let to international trade, faster ships, larger capacities

d)First artistic and literary manifestations of the Ren. Appeared in Florence

i)No access to oceans, but controlled papal banking

ii)Profits from banking were pumped into the city’s urban industries and contributed to the city’s economic vitality

iii)Wealth enabled Florentine to be stable even thru crises: Black Death, revolts

e)N. Italian city-states were communes: sworn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from nobles

i)Marriages between rural nobility and mercantile aristocracy created new social class, an urban nobility

ii)Poplolo: disenfranchised and heavily taxed, wanted places in communal government, rebelled often. Republican governments failed

f)Signoris (one-man rulers) and oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) began to rule

i)Princely courts became center of political power and elite culture, allowed ruler to assert power and wealth

g)Each city-state was independent, citizens sole loyalty

h)15th Century, 5 major city-states: Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples

i)Milan dominated by Sforza family

ii)Florence ruled by Medici family

(1)Cosimo (1434-1464) and Lorenzo (1469-1492)

iii)Cesare Borgia controlled papal states, hero of Machiavelli’s The Prince

i)Whenever one city state appeared to gain a prominent position within the peninsula, other states combined to establish a balance of power against the major threat--- birth of modern diplomacy: ambassadors

j)Inability to form alliance against potential foreign enemies made Italy an inviting target for invasion

i)Friar Girolano Savanaroloa- preached against corruption in Florence, became powerful, people became tired, eventually executed

(1)Shows common people did not share the worldly outlook of elite

k)Invasion in 1494 by French king Charles VIII

i)Italy became the focus of international ambitions and the battle round of foreign armies

ii)League of Cambrai- Louis XIII of France, pope, and German Emperor Maximilian wanted to strip Venice of possessions

l)Habsburg-Valois Wars- battle between French and Germans for Italy-sack of Rome

2)Section 2- Intellectual Hallmarks of the Renaissance

a)Awareness of living in a new era

i)Francesco Petrarch-“a period of light following a long night of Gothic gloom”

ii)People believed the were continuing the gloried of Ancient Rome

iii)Tried to separate themselves from Medieval predecessors, identified with thinkers of Greco-Roman civilization

b)Individualism

i)During Middle Ages, barely any recognition of remarkable individuals

(1)Due to Christian humility

ii)Guilds and parishes supported and funded individuals and their work

iii)Ren. Witnessed emergence of many distinctive personalities who glorified their uniqueness

(1)Len Battista Alberti (14041474)- writer, architect, mathematician

(2)Benevunto Cellini (1500-1574)- goldsmith and sculptor

iv)Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one’s capabilities and talents

c)Humanism

i)Pope Nicholas V- planned Vatican Library and collected ancient works

ii)Pope Sixtus IV- built the library

iii)Defined as the study of Latin classics, “new learning”

(1)Studied classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, capabilities

(2)Approached classics differently, viewed humanity from a strongly Christian perspective

(3)Pico Della- On the Dignity of Man- no limits on what humans can achieve because we are created in God’s image

d)Secularism-basic concern with the material world instead of spiritual and eternal

i)Even though Renaissance people held strong and deep spiritual interests, attention more focused on here and now and acquisition of material things

ii)Usury- collecting interested on loaned money- became widely employed

iii)Greater wealth allowed greater material pleasures, more comfortable life, more leisure time, more money to patronize the arts

iv)Lorenzo Valla-On Pleasure- pleasing senses is the highest good

(1)On the False Donation of Constantine- criticism stating that papal document giving jurisdiction over cast territories in Europe was a forgery

v)Giovanni Boccaccio- The Decameron- portrayed Renaissance life

vi)Papacy and church also materialistic, great patrons of the arts, beautified Rome

(1)Pope Julius II renovated St. Peter’s Basilica

3)Section 3- Art and the Artist

a)Florence led the way in arts

b)During the High Renaissance (1500-1572) Rome took the lead

c)Early Renaissance art was sponsored by guilds or religious groups

i)Merchants delegated Filippo Brunelleschi to build the dome on the Florence cathedral, Lorenzo Ghiberti to design the bronze doors of the Bapistry

ii)Gov’t of Florence hired Michaelangle to sculpt David. Art had many religious themes

d)During the late 15th century individuals and oligarchs, rather than corporate groups, sponsored works of art

i)Rich could glorify themselves and their families- magnificent life styles enriched by works of art proved greatness and power

e)During Middle Ages, society organized for war, as Italian nobles settled into towns they adopted urban culture

i)Hired mercenaries rather than building armies

ii)Urban palace was chief luxury, implied grandeur

iii)Bedroom was most important room, later private chapels held importance

f)As 15th century advanced art became more secular- pagan gods and goddesses painted into artworks, family and individual portraits

i)Middle class now had portraits of themselves painted

ii)Instead of reflecting a spiritual idea, paintings tended to mirror reality

iii)Artist Giotto (1276-1337) led the way in realism

iv)Sculptor Donatello revived the nude figure in artwork

v)Massaccio- “father of modern painting”- great realism, narrative power, light and dark,

vi)Rich color, decorative detail, swaying forms made up the international style

vii)Human body very realistic and scientific, such as in Michelangelo’s David and the Last Judgment

viii)Filliop Brunelleschi and Peitro della Francesca pioneered perspective in painting- three dimensional, not just flat subject in paintings

ix)Leanardo Da Vinci’s The Last Supper

g)Status of the Artist

i)Social status improved

ii)Artist considered a free intellectual worker

iii)Did not produce unsolicited pics for public, usually worked on commission from a powerful prince

(1)Artist’s reputation depended on the support of powerful patrons

(2)Artists could become very wealthy

iv)Pietro Aretino- 1537- praises Micaelangelo and his incredible artwork in a letter

v)Titian- artist (1477-1576)

vi)Artists boasted of accomplishments

(1)Ghiberti bragged about beating out Brunelleschi and five other artists to make Bapistry doors

(2)Artists normally signed their works

vii)Birth of artist as a genius

(1)Michelangelo often described as divine

viii)Renaissance culture was that of a small, mercantile elite with aristocratic pretensions

(1)Ren. Did not directly affect middle class. Small, highly educated minority of humanists and artists created culture for elite

Section 6: Politics and the State in the Renaissance (ca 1450-1521)

•❑1High Middle Ages introduced sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges, professional bureaucracies, and representative assemblies

•❑2Beginning in 15th century rulers utilized aggressive methods implied by Renaissance political ideas to rebuild their governments

▼❑3New Monarchs

▼❑1Louis XI, Henry VII and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain- invested in kingship with a strong sense of royal authority and national purpose

•❑1monarchy the only institution that linked all peoples and classes

•❑2Reassertion of ideas and practices used by monarchs during the Middle Ages

▼❑4France

•❑1following Hundred Years' war France was depopulated, commercially, ruined, and agriculturally weak

▼❑2Charles VII (1422-1461)

•❑1reconciled warring parties in civil war

•❑2expelled English from French soil

•❑3reorganized royal council- collected gabelle (salt tax) and taille (land tax)

•❑4established first permeant royal army

▼❑5Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438)

•❑1asserted superiority of a general council over the papacy

▼❑2allowed French crown control over appointments of clergy

•❑1more control of army

•❑2consolidated power of the crown

▼❑3Louis XI

▼❑1promoted new industries and and trade with other nations to increase tax revenue and improve the army

•❑1invaded neighboring areas to increase French territory

▼❑2Concordat of Bologna

•❑1rescinded Pragmatic Sanction's assertion of superiority over papacy, recognized French ruler's right to select French clergy

▼❑5England

•❑1Aristocracy dominated Henry IV's rule, civil war (War of the Roses), population decimated by Black Death  were all problems

•❑2Edward IV (1461-1483) began establishing domestic tranquility

▼❑3Richard III and Henry VII worked to restore royal prestige, crush power of the nobility, and establish order and law the the local level

▼❑1Parliament was the arena where nobility exerted its power

•❑1revenue controlled by Parliament

▼❑4Henry VIII (1485-1509) from the Welsh House of Tudor

•❑1used diplomacy to avoid costly, foreign wars and therefore no need to use Parliament

▼❑2Royal Council

•❑1members normally from lesser landowning class, educated in law--> essentially middle class

▼❑2handled any issue king put before it: executive, legislative, and judicial

•❑1conducted negations

•❑2married Henry VII's son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon, Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter

▼❑3court of Star Chamber

▼❑1handled real or potential aristocratic threats

•❑1used Roman law, methods were sometimes terrifying

•❑2against English common-law, but effectively reduced aristocratic trouble-making

▼❑3Justices of the Peace

•❑1unpaid local officials

•❑2affluent landowners who acted as police and enforced laws

▼❑4Tudors  won support of upper middle class by supporting their interests

•❑1promoted peace and social order

•❑5built up merchant marine, cloth industry, and wood exports

▼❑6Spain

•❑1conglomerate of independent kingdoms

•❑2Hispanic, Roman, Visigothic, Jewish and Muslim peoples made for rich diversity but lacking a common cultural tradition

▼❑3Reconquista

▼❑1wars of the northern Christian kingdoms to control the entire peninsula

•❑1conversion or expulsion of Muslims and Jews

•❑2political control of the South

▼❑2Ferdinand and Isabella

•❑1wed in 1469- dynastic union of two royal houses

•❑2each kingdom had its own cortes (parliament) laws, courts, and systems of coinage and taxation

▼❑3to curt rebellious and warring aristocracy, established medieval institution of hermandades

•❑1acted as local police, used such savage means that they were disbanded quickly

▼❑4restructuring of royal council

•❑1aristocrats excluded

•❑2responsible for supervision of local authorities

•❑3made up of people of middle-class background

•❑5deal with pope Alexander VI allowed crown to choose clergy allows crown gain revenue from ecclesiastical estates and allowed an army to be raised

•❑6money gained from church used to continue reconquista and unite Iberian Peninsula

▼❑7Spread of Anti-Semitism

•❑1blamed for Black death

•❑2wealth and powerful positions of Jews lead to conspiracy theories of a take-over

•❑3during anti-Semitic attacks 40% of Jews were either killed or forced to convert

•❑4converts were called New Christians, conversos, or Marranos

•❑5King Ferdinand wanted to appear as a moral and devout Christian who cared about public opinion, rioting, and civil disorder

•❑6in order to gain public support the king requests and is granted permission by Pope Sixtus IV for the Inquisition

•❑7New Christians held positions of power in the medical fields, as tax collectors, leading merchants, and public office

•❑8conversos were targeted due to their heritage, and were malicious, immoral, and criminally inclined by their nature and therefore could not truly be converted to Christianity

•❑9Spanish anti-Semitism emerged as national feeling was emerging, therefore the Inquisition was used as a politically unifying tool by the crown

▼❑10in 1492 edict was issued expelling all Jews form Spain

•❑1of 200,000 Jews, 150,000 fled

▼❑8in order to gain international recognition for their new dynasty, Ferdinand and Isabella married their daughter Joanna to the archduke Philip

•❑1Charles V, son of Philip and Joanna

•❑2Philip II, Charles's son, joined Portugal to the Spanish crown in 1580, Iberian Peninsula finally united